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Nail Designs
Pakistantrend a number of gorgeous Nail Designs have been highlighted for girls and women. In this article, we are giving out some of the pictures of newest Nail Designs 2012-13 for girls. As the designs are plain so it can also be the suitable most choice for the wedding seasons, Prom nights, senior annual dinners, welcome parties and formal parties as well that would exceptionally looks stunning.

These tremendous nail art patterns and styles gives you pretty and romantic looks. Adorned nail decoration is usually made of glitters, colorful net lace styles, shiny stones, crystals, newspaper art, cartoon shapes, fruits shapes and floral patters which gives them a elegant and attractive looks.
History

By the turn of the 19th century, nails were tinted with scented red oils, and polished or buffed with a chamois cloth, rather than simply polished.In the 19th and early 20th centuries, people pursued a polished rather than painted look by massaging tinted powders and creams into their nails, then buffing them shiny. One such polishing product sold around this time was Graf's Hyglo nail polish paste. Some people during this period painted their nails with an air brush. After the creation of automobile paint, Cutex produced the first modern nail polishes in 1917 with the introduction of colored nail glosses.

Nail polish originated in China. It started off being made from a combination of beeswax, egg whites, gelatin, vegetable dyes, and gum arabic. Egyptians used orange henna. The orange henna would stain their fingernails. Back in the 1300 BC, the color of the nail polish symbolized the ranking of social class each individual earned. The colors gold and silver were considered to be the royal colors; however, were later changes to black and red.
Once nail polish was refined, it was often used in the place of gloves to cover up the grime underneath the nails.
Colored nail polish was also considered at one time self-mutilation by psychiatrists and unhealthy. Despite this, the first lady to wear solid colors was Eleanor Roosevelt

Today’s nail polish is simply a refined version of the paint on vehicles. It is now used to make people look beautiful by not easily cracking or flaking with the natural movement of the nail.[6] Most nail polishes are made of nitrocellulose dissolved in a solvent (e.g. butyl acetate or ethyl acetate) and either left clear or colored with various pigments. Nail polish was never intended to be used as a bomb, however, it could be due to nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is highly flammable. It is also called ‘flash paper’, or when intended to cause a flame, ‘guncotton.’Basic components included are: film forming agents, resins and plasticizers, solvents, and coloring agents. Adhesive polymers (e.g. tosylamide-formaldehyde resin) ensure that the nitrocellulose adheres to the nail's surface. Plasticizers (e.g. camphor) are chemicals that link between polymer chains, spacing them to make the film sufficiently flexible after drying. Pigments and sparkling particles (e.g. mica) add desired color and reflecting characteristics. Scientist M toed added that, “Coloring may also be attributable to the presence of chemicals such as chromium oxide greens, chromium hydroxide, ferric ferrocyanide, ferric ammonium ferrocyanide, stannic oxide, titanium dioxide, iron oxide, carmine, ultramarines, and manganese violet.” In order to get that glittery/shimmer look in the color, mica, bismuth oxychloride, natural pearls, and aluminum powder is added into the ingredients of the nail polish.[8] Thickening agents (e.g. stearalkonium hectorite) are added to maintain the sparkling particles in suspension while in the bottle. Ultraviolet stabilizers (e.g. benozophenone-1) resist color changes when the dry film is exposed to direct sunlight.

Nail polish ingredients often include toluene. Solvents such as toluene and xylene are petroleum-based products that have been linked to cancer. Formaldehyde (formalin) may cause allergic reactions and is unsafe for use by asthmatic people. It is a carcinogen.
Nail polish makers are under pressure to reduce or eliminate toxic ingredients, including phthalates, toluene, and formaldehyde. In September 2006, several makers agreed to phase out dibutyl phthalate, which has been linked to testicular problems in lab animals and humans, in updated formulations.Some makers eliminated formaldehyde from their products, others still use it.
Studies performed on female rats discovered that DBP, also known as phthalates, have been causing birth defects. It was soon removed from the ingredients of nail polish. However, what the scientists failed to realize is that what holds true to rats does not always hold true to humans. "The amount of chemicals used in animal studies is probably a couple of hundred times higher than what you'd be exposed to from using nail polish every week or so," says Paul Foster, PhD, a senior fellow at the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, a division of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. "So the chance of any individual phthalate producing such harm is very slim.
Water-based nail polish is based on an acrylic polymer emulsion (e.g. styrene-acrylate copolymer), and pigments similar to those used in watercolor paints.[citation needed] This is marketed as an environmentally-conscious product, since nail polish is considered a hazardous waste by some regulatory bodies such as the Los Angeles Department of Public Works). In this application, the solvent (water) does not completely evaporate as in the case of the traditional nail polish; part of the water is absorbed through the fingernail.